ANTONIO PESQUEIRA
Researcher, INESC-INOV, ISCTE-IUL – University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract

The increasing complexity of vaccine supply chains, especially for mRNA and protein-based vaccines, necessitates advanced management approaches that integrate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. This study explores the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the seamless integration of ESG factors throughout the global supply chain management (SCM) of vaccines. The research focuses on end-to-end supply chain management, from raw material sourcing and demand forecasting to production planning and last-mile delivery to pharmacies and hospitals. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study includes a research survey, interviews with subject matter experts, and analysis of publicly available reports and data. Findings suggest that AI is instrumental in enhancing ESG integration by improving resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and ensuring ethical sourcing practices. The results highlight the potential for AI to revolutionize global supply chain management in the pharmaceutical industry, specifically within the vaccine production sector, where ESG is becoming increasingly critical.

INTRODUCTION
The vaccine production sector has experienced a significant transformation over the past decade. With the rapid development of mRNA and protein-based vaccines, such as those used to combat COVID-19, the complexities of managing supply chains have grown considerably. Vaccines, being sensitive biological products, require precise oversight from raw material sourcing to final delivery. The global nature of vaccine production, often involving multiple suppliers across continents, presents challenges in maintaining a seamless, transparent, and sustainable supply chain (1, 2).

In response to rising sustainability demands, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly incorporating ESG principles into their supply chain practices. ESG criteria emphasize environmental responsibility, ethical labor practices, and sound governance, thereby improving risk management and corporate accountability (2).

Concurrently, the rise of AI has revolutionized supply chain management (SCM) by enhancing capabilities in demand forecasting, logistics optimization, and real-time decision-making. The integration of AI with ESG pre ...