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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines have catapulted to center stage of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. As of early 2021, there are eight ongoing human trials for mRNA vaccines led by Moderna, BioNTech / Pfizer, CureVac, Sanofi / TranslateBio, Arcturus / Duke-NUS Medical School (Singapore), Imperial College (London), Chulalongkorn University (Thailand), and Providence Therapeutics.

In terms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020, two of these clinical trials announced interim phase 3 results that reported an efficacy of greater than 94% reduction of infection after the administration of 2 doses (30 μg for Pfizer/BioNtech or 100 μg for Moderna). Both vaccines were developed using an mRNA sequence that encodes for a sp ...